论文标题
Mantis网络IV:超热木星黄蜂121 B上的钛冷陷阱
The Mantis Network IV: A titanium cold-trap on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b
论文作者
论文摘要
WASP-121 B的观察结果表明,其终结剂区域的钛和钛含量不足。在这项研究中,我们旨在通过研究日间发射光谱来确定这种耗竭是否是全局。我们分析了8个以浓缩咖啡获得的高分辨率光谱的时期,当日间侧面时,靶向轨道相。我们使用互相关方法来搜索各种原子,TIO和VO,并与模型进行比较。我们使用贝叶斯框架来限制发射信号的速度和相位功能。我们报告了CA I,V I,Cr I,Mn I,Fe I,Co I和Ni I的大量检测,但没有TIO。包含Ti的模型无法再现数据。检测到的信号与已知的轨道和全身速度一致,并且峰值发射起源于亚固有点。我们发现Ti是从传播和发射光谱敏感的大气区域中耗尽的。我们将其解释为钛的夜间凝结的证据,以防止将其混合到地球上其他地方的大气上层。凝结温度较低的物种不受影响,这意味着在温度或动力学特性略有差异的超热木星之间存在急剧的化学转变。由于TIO可以充当平流层加热的强大来源,因此冷捕获会在白天和夜间侧面的热结构之间产生耦合,因此需要将凝结化学包含在全球循环模型中。在热木星中观察到的元素丰度不能可靠地代表散装丰度,除非考虑到夜间凝结或行星足够热以完全避免夜间冷陷阱。行星旋转可能会显着降低排放信号的明显轨道速度。
Observations of WASP-121 b have suggested an under-abundance of titanium and titanium-oxide from its terminator region. In this study, we aim to determine whether this depletion is global by investigating the day-side emission spectrum. We analyse 8 epochs of high-resolution spectra obtained with ESPRESSO, targeting orbital phases when the day-side is in view. We use a cross-correlation method to search for various atoms, TiO and VO and compare to models. We constrain the velocities and phase-function of the emission signal using a Bayesian framework. We report significant detections of Ca I, V I, Cr I, Mn I, Fe I, Co I and Ni I, but not T i or TiO. Models containing Ti are unable to reproduce the data. The detected signals are consistent with the known orbital and systemic velocities and with peak emission originating from the sub-stellar point. We find that Ti is depleted from regions of the atmosphere where transmission and emission spectroscopy are sensitive. We interpret this as evidence for the night-side condensation of titanium, preventing it from being mixed back into the upper layers of the atmosphere elsewhere on the planet. Species with lower condensation temperatures are unaffected, implying sharp chemical transitions exist between ultra-hot Jupiters that have slight differences in temperature or dynamical properties. As TiO can act as a strong source of stratospheric heating, cold-trapping creates a coupling between the thermal structures on the day-side and night-side, and thus condensation chemistry needs to be included in global circulation models. Observed elemental abundances in hot Jupiters are not reliably representative of bulk abundances unless night-side condensation is accounted for or the planet is hot enough to avoid night-side cold-traps entirely. Planetary rotation may significantly lower the apparent orbital velocity of emission signals.