论文标题

RESNORM:通过归一化解决图神经网络中的长尾式分配问题

ResNorm: Tackling Long-tailed Degree Distribution Issue in Graph Neural Networks via Normalization

论文作者

Liang, Langzhang, Xu, Zenglin, Song, Zixing, King, Irwin, Qi, Yuan, Ye, Jieping

论文摘要

图形神经网络(GNN)由于从图形结构数据中学习表示能力而引起了很多关注。尽管GNN在许多域中成功地应用了,但GNN的优化程度较低,并且在节点分类的性能很大程度上遭受了长尾的节点学位分布。本文着重于通过归一化提高GNN的性能。 详细说明,通过研究图表中节点度的长尾分布,我们提出了一种新颖的GNN归一化方法,该方法称为RESNORM(\ textbf {res}将长尾巴分布通过\ textbf {norm norm} alization将长尾巴分布纳入正常分布)。 RESNorm的$比例$操作重塑节点标准偏差(NSTD)分布,以提高尾部节点的准确性(\ textit {i}。\ textit {e}。,低度节点)。我们提供了理论解释和经验证据,以理解上述$ scale $的机制。除了长期发行的分销问题外,过度光滑也是困扰社区的基本问题。为此,我们分析了标准偏移的行为,并证明了标准偏移是重量矩阵上的预处理,从而增加了过度平滑的风险。考虑到过度光滑的问题,我们为重新编组设计了一个$ Shift $操作,以低成本的方式模拟了特定于学位的参数策略。广泛的实验已经验证了重新分类对几个节点分类基准数据集的有效性。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted much attention due to their ability in learning representations from graph-structured data. Despite the successful applications of GNNs in many domains, the optimization of GNNs is less well studied, and the performance on node classification heavily suffers from the long-tailed node degree distribution. This paper focuses on improving the performance of GNNs via normalization. In detail, by studying the long-tailed distribution of node degrees in the graph, we propose a novel normalization method for GNNs, which is termed ResNorm (\textbf{Res}haping the long-tailed distribution into a normal-like distribution via \textbf{norm}alization). The $scale$ operation of ResNorm reshapes the node-wise standard deviation (NStd) distribution so as to improve the accuracy of tail nodes (\textit{i}.\textit{e}., low-degree nodes). We provide a theoretical interpretation and empirical evidence for understanding the mechanism of the above $scale$. In addition to the long-tailed distribution issue, over-smoothing is also a fundamental issue plaguing the community. To this end, we analyze the behavior of the standard shift and prove that the standard shift serves as a preconditioner on the weight matrix, increasing the risk of over-smoothing. With the over-smoothing issue in mind, we design a $shift$ operation for ResNorm that simulates the degree-specific parameter strategy in a low-cost manner. Extensive experiments have validated the effectiveness of ResNorm on several node classification benchmark datasets.

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