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We describe the small-time heat kernel asymptotics of real powers $Δ^r$, $r \in (0,1)$ of a non-negative self-adjoint generalized Laplacian $Δ$ acting on the sections of a hermitian vector bundle $\mathcal E$ over a closed oriented manifold $M$. First we treat separately the asymptotic on the diagonal of $M \times M$ and in a compact set away from it. Logarithmic terms appear only if $n$ is odd and $r$ is rational with even denominator. We prove the non-triviality of the coefficients appearing in the diagonal asymptotics, and also the non-locality of some of the coefficients. In the special case $r=1/2$, we give a simultaneous formula by proving that the heat kernel of $Δ^{1/2}$ is a polyhomogeneous conormal section in $\mathcal E \boxtimes {\mathcal E}^* $ on the standard blow-up space $M_{heat}$ of the diagonal at time $t=0$ inside $[0,\infty)\times M \times M$.